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The Republic of Turkey was created after the overthrow of Sultan Mehmet VI Vahdettin by the new Republican Parliament in 1922. This new regime delivered the ''coup de grâce'' to the Ottoman state which had been practically wiped away from the world stage following the First World War. ==Single-party period, 1923–1946== (詳細はMustafa Kemal (Atatürk) as its first president. The government was formed from the Ankara-based revolutionary group, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues. The second constitution was ratified by the Grand National Assembly on April 20, 1924. For about the next 10 years, the country saw a steady process of secular Westernization through Atatürk's Reforms, which included the unification of education; the discontinuation of religious and other titles; the closure of Islamic courts and the replacement of Islamic canon law with a secular civil code modeled after Switzerland's and a penal code modeled after the Italian Penal Code; recognition of the equality between the sexes and the granting of full political rights to women on 5 December 1934; the language reform initiated by the newly founded Turkish Language Association; replacement of the Ottoman Turkish alphabet with the new Turkish alphabet derived from the Latin alphabet; the dress law (the wearing of a fez, is outlawed); the law on family names; and many others. Chronology of Major Kemalist Reforms: 〔Webster, ''The Turkey of Atatürk: social process in the Turkish reformation''〕 *November 1, 1922: Abolition of the office of the Ottoman Sultan. *October 29, 1923: Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey. *March 3, 1924: Abolition of the office of Caliphate held by the Ottoman Caliphate. *November 25, 1925: Change of headgear and dress. *November 30, 1925: Closure of religious convents and dervish lodges. *March 1, 1926: Introduction of the new penal law. *October 4, 1926: Introduction of the new civil code. *November 1, 1928: Adoption of the new Turkish alphabet. *June 21, 1934: Introduction of the law on family names. *November 26, 1934: Abolition of titles and by-names. *December 5, 1934: Full political rights, to vote and be elected, to women. *February 5, 1937: The inclusion of the principle of laïcité in the constitution. The first party to be established in the newly formed republic was the Women's Party (Kadınlar Halk Fırkası).〔Zihnioğlu, Yaprak. Kadınsız İnkılap. Metis Yayınları, 2003.〕 It was founded by Nezihe Muhiddin and several other women but was stopped from its activities, since during the time women were not yet legally allowed to engage in politics.〔Çakır, Serpil. Osmanlı Kadın Hareketi. Metis Yayınları, 1994.〕 The actual passage to multi-party period was first attempted with the Liberal Republican Party by Ali Fethi Okyar. The Liberal Republican Party was dissolved on 17 November 1930 and no further attempt for a multi-party democracy was made until 1945. Turkey was admitted to the League of Nations in July 1932. Atatürk's successor after his death on November 10, 1938 was İsmet İnönü. He started his term in the office as a respected figure of the Independence War but because of internal fights between power groups and external events like the World War which caused a lack of goods in the country, he lost some of his popularity and support. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of the Republic of Turkey」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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